Resumen Uno de los métodos más utilizados en las últimas décadas para evaluar la influencia del trazado en la seguridad vial son los estudios de consistencia del trazado. Al evaluar la consistencia del trazado es necesario contar con los perfiles de velocidad de operación del nuevo proyecto o de la carretera existente. Generalmente, al realizar los estudios se emplean modelos de velocidad de operación existentes, los cuales han sido desarrollados para otras condiciones, regiones o países. Sin embargo, los modelos de estimación de velocidad deben ser desarrollados o calibrados considerando las condiciones locales y, además, deben estar sujetos a revisiones a lo largo del tiempo. Por tanto, las ecuaciones obtenidas para una condición no deben ser extrapoladas sin análisis previos, por lo que las condiciones locales deben analizarse de manera particular. El objetivo del trabajo es desarrollar modelos de predicción de velocidad de operación propios que consideren las características del trazado geométrico de las carreteras en terreno llano y las condiciones del parque vehicular del país. El procedimiento metodológico propuesto para determinar los modelos de velocidad de operación consta de las siguientes etapas: Análisis de las carreteras del territorio y definición de parámetros fijos a investigar, determinación de los sitios y selección de la muestra, mediciones de velocidad en los sitios seleccionados, desarrollo de los modelos de predicción del perfil de velocidad y la validación de los modelos de desarrollados. Con los resultados de la investigación se logra por primera vez en Costa Rica desarrollar modelos de predicción de las velocidades de operación de las rutas nacionales con características rurales en terreno llano. Además, se demuestra que las ecuaciones propuestas presentan menores errores de estimación, si se comparan con algunos de los modelos más usados en el ámbito internacional.

Abstract During the last few years, one of the most commonly used methods for evaluating the influence of the geometric design of roads on road safety is the analysis of road design consistency. When evaluating geometric design consistency, it is necessary to know beforehand the operating speed profiles of the road to be analyzed. A common practice is to use existing models of operating speed profiles, which are generally designed for the specific conditions of a particular region or country. However, models for estimating operating speed should be calibrated or developed considering local conditions, and they should also be revised systematically over time. Thus, equations obtained for a given condition should be analyzed taking into consideration local and regional characteristics. The aim of this paper is to develop models for predicting operating speed in Costa Rica by considering the characteristics of geometric design of rural national roads in flat terrains, as well as the features of the existing vehicles in the country. The proposed methodology to develop operating speed models consists of a series of stages: analysis of the roads in the region and definition of fixed parameters to be studied, selection of sites and sampling, speed measurement in selected locations, development of operating speed prediction models, and validation of the proposed models. The results of this study allow for the development of different models for rural national routes in flat terrain for the first time in Costa Rica. The study demonstrates that the proposed equations provide for lower estimations errors, when compared to international models used in other studies.

Abstract Chromatin remodeling enzymes are important "writers’’, "readers’’ and "erasers’’ of the epigenetic code. These proteins are responsible for the placement, recognition, and removal of molecular marks in histone tails that trigger structural and functional changes in chromatin. This is also the case for histone deacetylases (HDACs), i.e., enzymes that remove acetyl groups from histone tails, signaling heterochromatin formation. Chromatin remodeling is necessary for cell differentiation processes in eukaryotes, and fungal pathogenesis in plants includes many adaptations to cause disease. Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. is a nonspe-cific, necrotrophic ascomycete phytopathogen that causes charcoal root disease. M. phaseolina is a frequent and highly destructive pathogen in crops such as common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), particularly under both water and high temperature stresses. Here, we evaluated the effects of the classical HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) on M. phaseolina in vitro growth and virulence. During inhibition assays, the growth of M. phaseolina in solid media, as well as the size of the microsclerotia, were reduced (p <0.05), and the colony morphology was remark-ably affected. Under greenhouse experiments, treatment with TSA reduced (p <0.05) fungal virulence in common bean cv. BAT 477. Tests of LIPK, MAC1 and PMK1 gene expression during the interaction of fungi with BAT 477 revealed noticeable deregulation. Our results provide additional evidence about the role of HATs and HDACs in important biological processes of M. phaseolina.

Resumen Las enzimas remodeladoras de la cromatina son «escritores», «lectores» y «borradores» importantes del código epigenético. Estas proteínas son responsables de la localización, el reconocimiento y la remoción de las marcas moleculares sobre las terminaciones de las histonas que desencadenan cambios funcionales y estructurales en la cromatina. Es el caso de las desacetilasas de histonas (HDAC), enzimas que remueven grupos acetilo de las «colas» de las histonas, señalizando la formación de heterocromatina. La anterior es una actividad necesaria en los procesos de diferenciación celular de los eucariotas, y se conoce que la patogénesis fúngica en las plantas requiere de adaptaciones diversas para ocasionar enfermedad. Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. es un ascomiceto fitopatógeno, necrótrofo e inespecífico, causante de la pudrición carbonosa. Este es un hongo frecuente y altamente destructivo en cultivos como fríjol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), particularmente bajo estrés hídrico y térmico. En este trabajo evaluamos los efectos del inhibidor de HDAC clásicas tricostatina A (TSA) sobre el crecimiento in vitro y la virulencia de M. phaseolina. El TSA redujo el crecimiento de M. phaseolina en medio sólido y el tamano de los microesclerocios (p < 0,05), lo que afectó la morfología colonial. En invernadero, el tratamiento con TSA disminuyó (p<0,05) la gravedad de la infección en la variedad de frijol BAT 477. La expresión de los genes de patogenicidad LIPK, MAC1 y PMK1 durante la interacción del hongo con la planta reveló una desregulación importante. Estos resultados proporcionan evidencia adicional del papel que cumplen las HDAC en la regulación de procesos biológicos fundamentales de M. phaseolina. © 2023 Asociación Argentina de Microbiología. Publicado por Elsevier Espana, S.L.U.

Resumen Antecedentes: En los pseudoaneurismas infectados de arteria femoral asociados al uso de drogas intravenosas, la ligadura primaria para el tratamiento causa controversia, sin embargo, el territorio comprometido puede continuar irrigado por vías colaterales. Objetivo: Reportar la experiencia del manejo de pseudoaneurismas en un servicio de angiología y cirugía vascular. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo de una serie de casos. Resultados: Se reportan 15 pacientes, relación hombre: mujer 14:1, promedio de edad de 42 años. Siete (46.6%) con presentación de pseudoaneurisma femoral izquierdo, 5 (33.3%) de ellos con presentación de pseudoaneurisma femoral derecho, 2 (13.3%) con pseudoaneurisma humeral derecho y uno (6.6%) con pseudoaneurisma humeral izquierdo. En 12 se realizó exclusión del pseudoaneurisma con triple ligadura; y 3 pacientes fueron sometidos a revascularización. Conclusiones: En nuestra experiencia, la ligadura primaria sin revascularización tuvo incidencia de amputación baja y supervivencia alta de los pacientes afectados, siendo la claudicación la secuela más frecuente.

Abstract Background: In intravenous drug-infected femoral pseudoaneurysms, primary ligation for treatment is controversial, but the compromised territory can remain irrigated by collateral routes. Objective: To report the experience in the management of pseudoaneurysms in our angiology and vascular surgery service. Methods: Observational, descriptive study of a series of cases. Results: 15 patients are reported, male: female ratio 14:1, average age 42 years. Seven (46.6%) presented with a left femoral pseudoaneurysm, 5 (33.3%) presented with a right femoral pseudoaneurysm, 2 (13.3%) with a right brachial pseudoaneurysm, and one (6.6%) with a left brachial pseudoaneurysm. In 12, exclusion of the pseudoaneurysm was performed with triple ligation; 3 patients underwent revascularization. Conclusions: In our experience the primary ligature without revascularization has a low incidence of amputation and high survival of affected patients, being claudication the most frequent sequel.

Abstract The main objective of this research is to verify the effectiveness of an intervention program aimed at teaching early reading skills, more specifically alphabetic skills and phonological processing, in pupils with Typical Development (TD) and Developmental Language Disorder (DLD). A total of 99 pupils with an average age of 5 years old from 54 schools on the Island of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) participated. Initial alphabetical skills, phonological processing, and verbal working memory were assessed before and after the intervention. The intervention program consisted of 60 sessions with a duration of 15 minutes and was organized at multiple levels of educational support, preferably within the regular classroom, and had the collaboration between Early Childhood Education Teachers and Speech Language Therapists. The results indicate that the pupils with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) initially presented a low performance in all the studied skills than those diagnosed with typical development. However, pupils who received the intervention program, those diagnosed with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) and the group with Typical Development (TD), showed greater gains in Letter Recognition and in Grapheme-Phoneme Association. There is some discussion about the educational implications for organizing an early intervention of a collaborative and inclusive nature within an intervention response model with various levels of practice. In addition, the nature of the activities in game formats enhance interaction and promote learning for all the pupils.

Resumen El objetivo de la presente investigación es comprobar la efectividad de un programa de intervención destinado a la enseñanza de habilidades de lectura temprana, concretamente en habilidades alfabéticas y de procesamiento fonológico, en alumnado con Desarrollo Típico (DT) y con Trastorno del Desarrollo del Lenguaje (TDL). Para esto, participaron un total de 99 alumnos, con un promedio de 5 años, de 54 colegios de la Isla de Tenerife (Islas Canarias, España). Se evaluaron habilidades alfabéticas iniciales, procesamiento fonológico y memoria de trabajo verbal antes y después de la intervención. Además, este programa se desarrolló en 60 sesiones de 15 minutos de duración, organizado en múltiples niveles de apoyo, preferentemente dentro del aula regular, y contó con la colaboración entre profesorado de Educación Infantil y logopedas. Los resultados indican que el alumnado con Trastorno del Desarrollo del Lenguaje (TDL) presenta inicialmente un rendimiento inferior en todas las habilidades estudiadas comparado con los estudiantes con Desarrollo Típico (DT). Sin embargo, ambos grupos obtuvieron mayores ganancias posterior a la intervención en el Reconocimiento de las letras y en Asociación grafema-fonema. Se discuten las implicaciones educativas para organizar una intervención temprana de naturaleza colaborativa e inclusiva dentro de un modelo de respuesta con varios niveles de práctica. Además, la naturaleza de las actividades en formatos de juegos potencian la interacción y fomentan el aprendizaje de todo el alumnado.

Objectives: To examine the association between psychiatric and non-psychiatric comorbidity and 28-day mortality among patients with psychiatric disorders and COVID-19. Methods: Multicenter observational retrospective cohort study of adult patients with psychiatric disorders hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 at 36 Greater Paris university hospitals (January 2020-May 2021) (n=3,768). First, we searched for different subgroups of patients according to their psychiatric and non-psychiatric comorbidities through cluster analysis. Next, we compared 28-day all-cause mortality rates across the identified clusters, while taking into account sex, age, and the number of medical conditions. Results: We found five clusters of patients with distinct psychiatric and non-psychiatric comorbidity patterns. Twenty-eight-day mortality in the cluster of patients with mood disorders was significantly lower than in other clusters. There were no significant differences in mortality across other clusters. Conclusion: All psychiatric and non-psychiatric conditions may be associated with increased mortality in patients with psychiatric disorders and COVID-19. The lower risk of death among patients with mood disorders might be in line with the potential beneficial effect of certain antidepressants in COVID-19, but requires further research. These findings may help identify at-risk patients with psychiatric disorders who should benefit from vaccine booster prioritization and other prevention measures.

Abstract: This research study typifies coffee farms in the Municipality of Buesaco (Nariño, Colombia) to implement adaptation technologies to climate change. The methodology applies a semi-structured survey and a descriptive-correlational statistical analysis. A hierarchical cluster is generated and different adaptation scenarios are assessed with the local community. The results show that the factors that generate the greatest perception of vulnerability due to variability and climate change are those associated with increases in frequency and intensity of rains and increase in temperatures. There is both poor implementation of adaptation technologies and intensive coffee agriculture. Coffee farmers perceive a negative impact on both socio-productive aspects and on the family’s economy. Therefore, an implementation and adoption of technologies is presented in terms of infrastructure, productive diversification, and agroecological practices. It is concluded that it is necessary to implement technologies for adapting to climate change and that the adaptation measures identified here for coffee farmers allow enhancing decision-making in the short, mid, and long terms.

Resumen: Esta investigación tipifica fincas cafeteras del municipio de Buesaco (Nariño, Colombia) para implementar tecnologías de adaptación al cambio climático. En la metodología se aplica una encuesta semiestructurada y un análisis estadístico descriptivo-correlacional. Se genera un clúster jerárquico y se priorizan participativamente alternativas de adaptación adecuadas para la zona. Los resultados muestran que los factores con mayor percepción a vulnerabilidad por variabilidad y cambio climático son aquellos asociados al incremento de frecuencia e intensidad de lluvias y al aumento de temperatura. Se observa baja implementación de tecnologías de adaptación y agricultura intensiva con café. Los productores de café perciben impactos negativos en aspectos socio-productivos y de economía familiar. Se propone una implementación de tecnologías en términos de infraestructura, diversificación productiva y prácticas agroecológicas. Se concluye que es necesario adoptar tecnologías encaminadas a la adaptación al cambio climático y que las medidas de adaptación identificadas para la comunidad caficultora permiten promover la toma de decisiones a corto, mediano y largo plazo.

Resumen La pandemia causada por el virus Sars-Cov-2 durante los años 2020 a 2022, alteró la conducta emocional de los humanos. El sentimiento de restricción causado por el aislamiento y el cambio de hábitos de vida que demandaron una separación social promovieron: ansiedad, estrés, apatía, violencia doméstica, problemas educativos e inestabilidad económica, entre otros aspectos. Estadísticas erróneas y de los medios de información acerca del número de personas infectadas por el Coronavirus Sars-Cov-2 agravaron la ansiedad y la depresión humana. Esta revisión compara los principales efectos psicológicos causados por el aislamiento durante la pandemia comparado con otros contextos de aislamiento social. Nosotros estudiamos las áreas primarias involucradas en la conducta de agresión reactiva en los humanos y analizamos esta conducta en relación con las catecolaminas y hormonas durante el aislamiento social. No medimos ni analizamos ninguna hormona en nuestro laboratorio solo describimos los circuitos involucrados en la respuesta neuroendocrina a la conducta agresiva.

Abstract The pandemic caused by the SARS-COV-2 virus in the years 2020-2022 altered the emotional behavior of humans. The restrictive feeling caused by the isolation and the change of life habits that demanded a social separation promoted anxiety, distress, apathy, domestic violence, educational problems, and economic instability, among other aspects. Erroneous statistics, and social media information about the number of people infected by the coronavirus SARS-COV-2, aggravated human anxiety and depression. This review compares the main psychological effects caused by pandemic isolation compared to other isolated social contexts. We studied the primary central nervous system areas involved in human reactive aggressiveness behavior. We examine this behavior in relationship with catecholamines and hormones during social isolation. We do not measure or analyze any hormone in our laboratory and only describe the circuits involved in the neuroendocrine response to the aggressive behavior.

ABSTRACT: The present investigation aimed to evaluate the type of maintenance and the types of machinery in four sawmills in the city of Jaén, the evaluation was carried out through the methodology of direct observation information collection through the data collection sheet instrument, In turn, the type of machinery used in the first transformation sawmill work was identified, with the technical characteristics of each machinery usually consisting of a brushcutter, band saw, circular table saw and a planer. The type of sawmill was classified according to its daily production, being the sawmill the parral, Santa Rosa and Casa Blanca in the category of small and the sawmill the union of very small; process diagrams were also elaborated according to the classification, resulting in two process diagrams; and the classification of maintenance in the studied sawmills is preventive and corrective; It was also determined that it is business-oriented for the La Unión, Santa Rosa and Casa Blanca sawmills and for the El Parral sawmill it is classified as oriented to business-followers.

RESUMEN: La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo clasificar el tipo de mantenimiento y describir el tipo de maquinarias en cuatro aserraderos en la ciudad de Jaén, la evaluación se realizó mediante la metodología de recopilación de información de observación directa mediante el instrumento de ficha de recolección de datos, a su vez se identifico el tipo de maquinaria usada en los trabajos de aserrío de primera transformación, siendo las características técnicas de cada maquinaria conformado usualmente por una desbrozadora, sierra cinta, sierra circular de mesa y una cepilladora. Se clasificó el tipo de aserradero según su producción diaria, siendo el aserradero el parral, santa rosa y casa blanca en categoría de pequeño y el aserradero la unión de muy pequeño; también se elaboraron diagramas de procesos según la clasificación dando como resultado dos diagramas de procesos; y la clasificación del mantenimiento en los aserraderos estudiados es de tipo preventivo y correctivo; también se determinó que es orientado a los negocios para los aserraderos la Unión, Santa Rosa y Casa Blanca y para el aserradero el parral se clasifica en orientado a los negocios - seguidores.

Resumen Introducción: La diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad metabólica con riesgo elevado de presentar úlceras en extremidades inferiores (pie diabético) que puede terminar en amputación. Objetivo: Identificar las variables predictivas de amputaciones en los pacientes con diagnóstico de pie diabético en el Hospital Verdi Cevallos desde enero de 2017 a diciembre de 2018. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo y correlacional, que incluyó 130 pacientes con diagnóstico de pie diabético. Se utilizaron técnicas de inferencia estadística no paramétrica univariante para la correlación de las variables cualitativas (pruebas de χ2), así como la direccionalidad de estas. Resultados: Se encontró correlación entre la insuficiencia renal crónica avanzada, mal control glucémico, enfermedad vascular periférica severa y gravedad de la úlcera por la clasificación de Wagner-Merrit con la realización de amputación futura. Conclusión: El mal control glucémico, la insuficiencia renal crónica avanzada, enfermedad vascular periférica severa y los estadios 4 y 5 de la clasificación de Wagner-Merrit fueron factores predictivos de amputación en el paciente con pie diabético.

Abstract Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease with an elevated risk of presenting ulcers in the lower extremities (diabetic foot ulcers), that in some cases may end in the amputation of such extremities. Objective: To identify the predictive variables of amputations in patients diagnosed with diabetic foot ulcers at the Verdi Cevallos Hospital from January 2017 to December 2018. Methodology: A retrospective and correlational study were carried out which included 130 patients diagnosed with diabetic foot. Multivariate and univariate nonparametric statistical inference techniques were used for the correlation of qualitative variables, as well as their directionality. Results: Correlation was found between advanced chronic renal failure, poor glycemic control, severe peripheral vascular disease, and ulcer severity according to the Wagner-Merrit classification with future amputation. Conclusion: Poor glycemic control, advanced chronic renal failure, severe peripheral vascular disease and stages 4 and 5 of the Wagner-Merrit classification were predictive factors for amputation in patients with diabetic foot.

ABSTRACT Argemone mexicana L. is a weed, which is used as a medicinal plant. The biological activity of this plant has been observed on pathogens such as viruses, fungi, bacteria, protozoa, and agricultural crop pests; such activity is attributed to compounds such as flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids present in the plant. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of the methanolic extract of A. mexicana as an insecticide on Bactericera cockerelli. Thirteen metabolites were detected by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry; six were reported to have biological activity; the compound identified as 5,7,8,15-Tetrahydro-3,4-dimethoxy-6-methyl[1,3]benzodioxolo[5,6e][2]benzazecin-14(6H)-one is the second most abundant and is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid. The observed mortality at 48 h was 83.6 and 83.9 % dependent on the high doses of 20 and 30 mg/mL; while at 72 h an increase in mortality up to 97.2 % was observed at concentrations of 8-30 mg/mL. LC50 was 7.63 mg/mL and an LC95 of 107.98 mg/mL. Analysis of the methanolic extract of A. mexicana leaves revealed that it can be used as a plant-derived insecticide by causing mortality in B. cockerelli nymphs.

RESUMEN Argemone mexicana L. es una maleza, la cual es utilizada como planta medicinal. La actividad biológica de esta planta se ha observado en patógenos como virus, hongos, bacterias, protozoos y plagas de cultivos agrícolas; dicha actividad se atribuye a compuestos como flavonoides, glucósidos, terpenoides, compuestos fenólicos y alcaloides presentes en la planta. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto del extracto metanólico de A. mexicana como insecticida sobre Bactericera cockerelli. Se detectaron 13 metabolitos por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas; siendo seis los que tienen reporte de actividad biológica; el compuesto identificado como 5,7,8,15-Tetrahidro-3,4-dimetoxi-6-metil[1,3]benzodioxolo[5,6-e][2]benzazecin-14(6H)-ona es el segundo con mayor abundancia y es un alcaloide de bencilisoquinolina. La mortalidad observada a las 48 h fue de 83.6 y 83.9 % dependiente de las dosis altas de 20 y 30 mg/mL; mientras que a las 72 h se observó un aumento de la mortalidad hasta en un 97.2 % a las concentraciones de 8-30 mg/mL. La concentración letal media fue de 7.63 mg/mL y una LC95 de 107.98 mg/mL. El análisis del extracto metanólico de las hojas de A. mexicana reveló que puede ser empleado como insecticida de origen vegetal al causar mortalidad en ninfas de B. cockerelli.

ABSTRACT Purpose: Bone repair aims to restore the anatomical, biomechanical, and functional integrity of the affected structure. Here we study the effects of ascorbic acid (AA) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) applied in a single dose and in combination on the repair of a noncritical bone defect model. Methods: Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups: an intact G-1 control group, and three groups that underwent a noncritical bone defect in the right tibia: G-2 treated with AA, G-3 treated with EGF, and G-4 treated with AA in combination with EGF. After 21 days of treatment, rats were sacrificed, the tibias were dissected and a destructive biomechanical analysis of three-point flexion test was performed in a universal testing machine; the values of stiffness, resistance, maximum energy, and energy at maximum load were statistically compared. Results: G-3 and G-4 recovered the biomechanical properties of strength and stiffness of an intact tibia 3 weeks after their application. Not so the energy and energy at maximum load. For G-2, only the stiffness of an intact tibia was recovered. Conclusions: EGF and AA-EGF applied to a noncritical bone defect in the rat tibia favors the recovery of bone resistance and stiffness.

Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the inconsistency between clinical diagnosis of death and autopsy findings in adolescents with chronic diseases. Methods: A cross-sectional study including a sample of adolescents’ autopsies who died in a pediatric and adolescent tertiary hospital over 18 consecutive years. During this period, there were n = 2912 deaths, and n = 581/2912(20%) occurred in adolescents. Of these, n = 85/581(15%) underwent autopsies and were analyzed. Further results were divided into two groups: Goldman classes I or II (high disagreement between main clinical diagnosis of death and anatomopathological findings, n = 26) and Goldman classes III, IV or V (low or no disagreement between these two parameters, n = 59). Results: Median age at death (13.5 [10‒19] vs. 13 [10‒19] years, p = 0.495) and disease duration (22 [0‒164] vs. 20 [0‒200] months, p = 0.931), and frequencies for males (58% vs. 44%, p = 0.247) were similar between class I/II vs. class III/IV/V. The frequency of pneumonia (73% vs. 48%, p = 0.029), pulmonary abscess (12% vs. 0%, p = 0.026), as well as isolation of yeast (27% vs. 5%, p = 0.008), and virus (15% vs. 2%, p = 0.029) identified in the autopsy, were significantly higher in adolescents with Goldman class I/II compared to those with Goldman class III/IV/V. In contrast, cerebral edema was significantly lower in adolescents of the first group (4% vs. 25%, p = 0.018). Conclusion: This study showed that 30% of the adolescents with chronic diseases had major discrepancies between clinical diagnosis of death and autopsy findings. Pneumonia, pulmonary abscess, as well as isolation of yeast and virus were more frequently identified at autopsy findings in the groups with major discrepancies.

Abstract Environmental wealth is the main basis of the social, cultural and economic development of a country, but if there is an absence of the valuation of these natural resources, it can lead to a disproportionate usufruct that causes the deterioration of the ecosystem and even collateral effects of human health. This research aimed to know the total economic value of the ecosystem of the high Andean water basin tributary of the Chumbao River, located between 2000 to 4800 meters above sea level belonging to the province of Andahuaylas, Apurimac region in Perú. The valuation procedure consisted of using the analytical method of multicriteria valuation applying the concept of Total Economic Value, which involved direct and indirect uses related to environmental assets, in which a collective panel of people from different training disciplines (experts) participated, which were made up of researchers, engineers, public officials, farmers and ecologists who had extensive knowledge about the environmental asset. of the geographical area in reference; and once the paired comparison survey was done, the total economic value was quantified up to three amounts, so the respondents were formed into three statistically significant segments (SIG<0.05). The cluster (1): assigned a weighting that quantifies to an economic value of USS 4,359,179,489.46; followed by cluster (2): an intermediate value of USS 4,029,902,444.41 and cluster (3): assigned a lower value to USS 774,163,167.16. Thus, it follows that, on average, 51.78% equals value in use and 48.21% equals value in non-use, respectively. This value expressed as an interval reflects the environmental ethical positions of the groups and makes available as an indicator to government authorities and society in order to exercise actions of environmental sustainability high andean.

Resumo A riqueza ambiental é a principal base do desenvolvimento social, cultural e econômico de um país, todavia, se não houver a valorização desses recursos naturais, pode levar a um usufruto desproporcional que causa a deterioração do ecossistema e até mesmo efeitos colaterais da saúde humana. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo conhecer o valor econômico total do ecossistema da alta bacia hidrográfica andina afluente do rio Chumbao, localizado entre 2.000 e 4.800 metros acima do nível do mar pertencente à província de Andahuaylas, região de Apurimac no Peru. O procedimento de avaliação consistiu na utilização do método analítico de avaliação multicritério aplicando o conceito de Valor Econômico Total, que envolveu usos diretos e indiretos relacionados a ativos ambientais, no qual participou um painel coletivo de pessoas de diferentes disciplinas de formação (especialistas), composta por pesquisadores, engenheiros, funcionários públicos, agricultores e ecologistas que possuíam amplo conhecimento sobre o bem ambiental. da área geográfica em referência; e uma vez feito o levantamento de comparação pareada, o valor econômico total foi quantificado em até três valores, de forma que os respondentes foram divididos em três segmentos estatisticamente significativos (SIG < 0,05). O cluster (1): atribuído um peso que quantifica a um valor econômico de US$ 4.359.179.489,46; seguido pelo cluster (2): um valor intermediário de US$ 4.029.902.444,41 e cluster (3): atribuiu um valor inferior a US$ 774.163.167,16. Assim, conclui-se que, em média, 51,78% equivalem a valor em uso e 48,21% equivalem a valor em não uso, respectivamente. Este valor expresso como um intervalo reflete as posições éticas ambientais dos grupos e disponibiliza como um indicador para as autoridades governamentais e a sociedade a fim de exercer ações de sustentabilidade ambiental alto andino.

BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem, which has been aggravated by the alarming growth of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Therefore, the development of a safer and more effective treatment is needed. OBJECTIVES The aim of this work was repositioning and evaluate histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitors- based drugs with potential antimycobacterial activity. METHODS Using an in silico pharmacological repositioning strategy, three molecules that bind to the catalytic site of histone deacetylase were selected. Pneumocytes type II and macrophages were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and treated with pre-selected HDAC inhibitors (HDACi). Subsequently, the ability of each of these molecules to directly promote the elimination of M. tuberculosis was evaluated by colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL. We assessed the expression of antimicrobial peptides and respiratory burst using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) FINDINGS Aminoacetanilide (ACE), N-Boc-1,2-phenylenediamine (N-BOC), 1,3-Diphenylurea (DFU), reduce bacillary loads in macrophages and increase the production of β-defensin-2, LL-37, superoxide dismutase (SOD) 3 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). While only the use of ACE in type II pneumocytes decreases the bacterial load through increasing LL-37 expression. Furthermore, the use of ACE and rifampicin inhibited the survival of intracellular multi-drug resistance M. tuberculosis. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our data support the usefulness of in silico approaches for drug repositioning to provide a potential adjunctive therapy for TB.

ABSTRACT Background: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and is responsible for nearly 6 million deaths worldwide in the past 2 years. Machine learning (ML) models could help physicians in identifying high-risk individuals. Objectives: To study the use of ML models for COVID-19 prediction outcomes using clinical data and a combination of clinical and metabolic data, measured in a metabolomics facility from a public university. Methods: A total of 154 patients were included in the study. “Basic profile” was considered with clinical and demographic variables (33 variables), whereas in the “extended profile,” metabolomic and immunological variables were also considered (156 characteristics). A selection of features was carried out for each of the profiles with a genetic algorithm (GA) and random forest models were trained and tested to predict each of the stages of COVID-19. Results: The model based on extended profile was more useful in early stages of the disease. Models based on clinical data were preferred for predicting severe and critical illness and death. ML detected trimethylamine N-oxide, lipid mediators, and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio as important variables. Conclusion: ML and GAs provided adequate models to predict COVID-19 outcomes in patients with different severity grades.